The Value of Poetry for Pleasure

THE VALUE OF POETRY FOR PLEASURE

There are as many definitions of poetry as there are poets. Wordsworth defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings;" emily dickinson said, "if i read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire ever can warm me, i know that is poetry;" and dylan thomas defined poetry this way: "poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing."

Reading poetry is reading to improve one’s experience of life. Poetry is as universal and as ancient as language itself. The primitive people have used it and the civilized have cultivated it. In all ages and in all countries poetry has been written, read and listened to, by all kinds and conditions of peoples, by soldiers, statesmen, lawyers, fanners, doctors, scientist, clergymen, philosophers, kings, and queens.

Why has poetry appealed to everybody including little children?

1.      It has given pleasure, it gives enjoyment.

2.      Poetry has been regarded as something central to man’s life.

This is some example of poetry  which have the value for pleasure:

LOVE

The days, have gone by…

Within time and theory.

That love is just a theory?

No, love is not just a theory,

It is in air, in our hearts,

Time is the air which you must make your move

When love has come to question,

Nobody can escape its claw,

It’s grip so hard on the wings of hope.

Sometimes Icorus is giving, sometimes he’s not.

What you should know, is how,

How does love define the answer to our future?

The days, have gone by…

But not a moment goes by in fact in truth,

That I do not think about you.

I know in the heart that is mine to give,

And yours to keep with soul and passion.

That both love each other in eternal time.

WHISPER
I kissed you, when I closed my eyes and dream.
beautiful face, your mouth sweet crushed,
there is love and there is a sense,
heaven and sing.

whisper, when broken down like a dream,
whether the moon is also humming?
and kissing when the spring?
because I could not forget second best from yourself.

THE IMPORTANT OF TEACHER TO KNOW THE CHARACTERISTIC OF YOUNG LEARNERS

THE IMPORTANT OF TEACHER TO KNOW THE CHARACTERISTIC OF YOUNG LEARNERS

English as one of the foreign languages has got much attention from the Indonesian government. This can be seen from the government’s commitment to teach English at all levels of education. The general aim is to make the students familiar with English in their early age; so that, they are able to understand English both in written and spoken form. However, teaching English to children is not easy; since, the exposure of the language, in most case, is only in the classroom. Nevertheless, English teacher can maximize the class time to help the students in exploring English; so that, it is expected that they will be able to speak English well. Before the English teacher teach the young learners, they must know about many characteristics of young learners, such us, They enjoy imitating and mimicking what they have heard, They have short attention span and easy getting bored, and they are very active.

The first characteristics of young English learners is, they enjoy imitating and mimicking. The majority of them are still developing. Thus, they are also still learning how to regulate and manage their behavior and feelings. Young children are usually spontaneous and flexible. They are natural mimics and will sometimes imitate their teacher without being told. For instance, when children lose interest in things, they will tend to behave in an unpredictable way. Children will quickly let their teacher know if they are bored through either their expressions or actions. Perhaps, they become restless or even distract their friends. By contrast, children might also feel excited with aspects of their language learning class. Ideally, they have a strong instinct to explore their surroundings. Take, for example, a teacher who is explaining about ‘space’ to his/her students. Apparently, almost all of the students are eager to ask a number of questions dealing with that topic. They, of course, are trying to grasp what their teacher says. Sometimes, they voluntarily come forward to draw something about the space on the blackboard or to share ideas to their friends. From these types of conditions, it can clearly be observed that every single student in the classroom is not exactly the same. Therefore, young learners need more careful supervision from the teacher.

Second characteristic is, they have short attention span and easy get bored. Its mean that the teacher must try to ask them to play games, role play dialogues and involve them in competitions. Beside that young learners is easy to get bored, so teachers should vary their techniques to break the boredom. They should give varied activities as handwriting, songs, games, etc. Use realia or pictures to teach new vocabulary is usefull to get the attention of young learners, because they are imaginative. For an example, the teacher wants to teach his/her students about ‘nature’. He/she can, indeed, use several eye-catching pictures to attract the students’ attention. Perhaps, the students would play a game by matching the pictures and the names of each. To make it more enjoyable, the teacher might also use songs or children nursery rhymes which are suitable with that topic and proper for their age. Overall, these kinds of teaching instructions would avoid monotonous activities so that no student finds language learning a drudgery or boredom.

Not only that, the young learners is very active, so teaching young learners need the kinds of instructional practices. As has clearly stated before, young learners are truly different from teenagers and adults. Indeed, the learning instructions given in the class should also meet their needs. For an example, teachers engage their students in social context-based activities with their peers or friends. Suppose that the teacher would teach the students about greetings and leave takings. The students are then directed to carry out a simple activity in corporation with their classmates. They are assigned to talk with their pairs by using standard greeting and leave taking expressions. By demonstrating this kind of language teaching, the teachers will play a role on bridging the students to have accessible interactions along with their classmates. The teacher can using body instruction to face the young learners who an active.

Briefly speaking, working with children, giving them the basic skills for cognitive abilities, encouraging them to be active learners, and teaching them in a fun way would start them a lifelong habit. That is why the teacher must know well the characteristic of young learners before they face and teach young learners.

SCHEMATA

SCHEMATA

A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Schemas can be useful, because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting a vast amount of information. However, these mental frameworks also cause us to exclude pertinent information in favor of information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs and ideas. Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to retain new information that does not conform to our established schemas.Jean Piaget

A schema is a mental representation of some part of the world. In some learning theories, schemata are structures of knowledge. Schemata can also be understood as structures “for understanding a problem situation in general terms, as well as guiding problem-solving performance” (Anderson et al. 1981, 206). When learning new concepts, students use existing schemata to see if the new information relates in some way to previously understood concepts. New information is then “interpreted in terms of relevant preexisting schemata” (Rumelhart and Norman 1981, 335). Modification and refinement of schemata occur as learners engage in new experiences and have opportunities to apply modifications of their schemata to relevant situations. For example, when a teacher asks a kindergartener, “How many apples will you have if you already have two, and I give you one more?” the kindergartener relies upon his number sense schema to attack the problem. Eventually, the student figures out that two apples plus one apple equals three apples, refining his schema.

Anderson, J., J. Greeno, P. Kline, and D. Neves. 1981. Acquisition of problem-solving skill. In Cognitive skills and their acquisition, ed. J. Anderson, 131-230. San Francisco: Pfeiffer

Points in text	Extract 1	Extract 2
Starting sentence	It explain about meaning of schemata.	It more complete and understanding explain about schemata.
Description of Linguistics	It is simple description about schemata.	The description more detail.
Use of Andre reference	The quote is not supporting.	The reference to make the point more easier to understand.
Synthesis of ideas	Ideas are combined well, but irrelevant detail should be erased and needs development.	Ideas from two sources are well, more complete , and easy to understand by reader.
Overall	The writer start of a good attempt at critical writing. the information  needs to be clearer with better use of sources and his opinion.	This is a good attempt at critical writing. The writer of extract 2 try to  explain more clearly with his own opinion and  he has used source to support  his opinion.
Meaning	a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information	A schema is a mental representation of some part of the world. In some learning theories, schemata are structures of knowledge
Definition	Schemas can be useful, because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting a vast amount of information	Schemata can also be understood as structures “for understanding a problem situation in general terms, as well as guiding problem-solving performance”

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Smoking

Smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practised as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment.

The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking implements include pipes, cigars, bidis, hookahs, vaporizers and bongs. It has been suggested that smoking-related disease kills one half of all long term smokers but these diseases may also be contracted by non-smokers. A 2007 report states that about 4.9 million people worldwide each year die as a result of smoking.^[1]

Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most popular form of smoking and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as they are often not commercially available.

The history of smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BC, and has been recorded in many different cultures across the world. Early smoking evolved in association with religious ceremonies; as offerings to deities, in cleansing rituals or to allow shamans and priests to alter their minds for purposes of divination or spiritual enlightenment. After the European exploration and conquest of the Americans, the practice of smoking tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world. In regions like India and Subsaharan Africa, it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). In Europe, it introduced a new type of social activity and a form of drug intake which previously had been unknown.

Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another; holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. Only relatively recently, and primarily in industrialized Western countries, has smoking come to be viewed in a decidedly negative light. Today medical studies have proven that smoking tobacco is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, COPD, erectile dysfunction and can also lead to birth defects. The inherent health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high taxes on tobacco products and anti-smoking campaigns are launched every year in an attempt to curb tobacco smoking.